The United States faces a stark reality: it leads the world in gun violence, with firearms now the #1 cause of death for children, surpassing even car accidents and cancer. Given the high prevalence of guns – over 120 for every 100 people – knowing basic first aid for gunshot wounds is a potentially life-saving skill.
The primary threat after a shooting is rapid blood loss. A hit to a major artery can be fatal in as little as three to five minutes. This guide outlines how to control bleeding until professional help arrives.
Assessing the Situation & Calling for Help
First, ensure your own safety. Is the shooter still present? Are you injured? You can’t help others if you become a victim yourself. Once safe, immediately alert emergency services (911). If possible, delegate this task to someone nearby while you focus on the injured person.
Many public spaces now stock first aid kits with gauze, gloves, and tourniquets alongside CPR equipment. If one is accessible, send someone to retrieve it. However, effective action is possible even without specialized supplies.
Locating and Controlling Bleeding
Identify the gunshot wound(s). Blood may be visible in multiple areas, especially if the bullet passed through the body. In a mass-casualty scenario, prioritize those who are still conscious and breathing – they have the highest chance of survival with prompt intervention.
The key to stopping blood loss is direct, firm pressure. Remove any clothing covering the wound, then apply continuous, forceful compression with a clean cloth or gauze. The goal is to slow bleeding and allow clotting.
When and How to Use a Tourniquet
For severe bleeding in an arm or leg, a medical-grade tourniquet is the most effective tool. Apply it high and tight – two to three inches above the wound, ensuring you can’t slip a finger underneath.
A correctly applied tourniquet will be uncomfortable for the victim. Record the exact time of application for medical personnel. Continue direct pressure on the wound even after applying the tourniquet.
Avoid improvised tourniquets made from belts or clothing. These are often ineffective and can worsen bleeding. If a proper tourniquet isn’t available, stick to direct pressure.
Important Considerations
- Torso wounds: Direct pressure is the only effective immediate treatment until professionals arrive.
- Movement: Avoid unnecessary movement of the injured person to prevent further trauma.
- Hypothermia: Cover the person with a blanket to prevent body heat loss.
Don’t Hesitate, Get Trained
The biggest fear many bystanders have is making things worse. Training programs like Stop the Bleed can build confidence and ensure you act correctly in an emergency. Most states also have Good Samaritan laws protecting bystanders from legal repercussions when providing aid in good faith.
Knowing how to control bleeding buys critical time. By alerting authorities, finding the wound, and applying compression, you can significantly increase a gunshot victim’s chances of survival.
