Digestive problems are a common experience for many women during pregnancy. With numerous over-the-counter (OTC) supplements promising relief, it’s natural to consider digestive enzymes. However, a crucial question arises: Are these enzymes safe for pregnant women, and do they truly provide relief?
The Science Behind Digestive Issues in Pregnancy
Pregnancy often brings hormonal changes that impact the digestive system. The hormone progesterone, in particular, slows down digestion in the stomach, small and large intestines, and gallbladder. This slowdown can lead to unpleasant symptoms like nausea, vomiting, constipation, and heartburn, as explained by the University of Rochester Medical Center.
OTC Supplements and Regulatory Concerns
Many OTC supplements, including digestive enzymes, are marketed to alleviate these symptoms. However, a key point to consider is that the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) does not require these supplements to be proven safe or effective before they’re sold. This means there’s no guarantee of safety, accurate ingredient labeling, or demonstrated effectiveness.
Examining Specific Enzymes
Let’s explore the safety and potential benefits of some common digestive enzymes:
Papaya Enzymes (Papain)
Papain, an enzyme derived from papaya, has been traditionally used to aid digestion and treat gastrointestinal issues. While some research suggests it may improve digestion—supported by its history in traditional medicine—more research is needed to understand its exact mechanisms and potential side effects. Notably, unripe and semi-ripe papaya contains a latex substance that can cause uterine contractions, so these should be avoided. However, it’s important to remember that raw papaya fruit differs from a supplemental form of papain, which may still carry some risk. Due to this uncertainty, consulting your doctor before using papaya enzyme supplements during pregnancy is your best course of action.
Bromelain
Bromelain, extracted from pineapple plants, is often used to support tissue repair and reduce inflammation. While it is believed to help with osteoarthritis pain, there’s currently insufficient evidence to confirm its effectiveness for digestive issues. Furthermore, the safety of bromelain during pregnancy and breastfeeding remains largely unknown.
Lactase
For pregnant women experiencing lactose intolerance—a condition where the body doesn’t produce enough lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose (the sugar in milk)—lactase enzyme supplements, like Lactaid, can be beneficial. These supplements help the body better digest lactose, relieving symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, bloating, and gas. While generally considered safe, it’s still advisable to consult your doctor before taking a lactase supplement during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Alpha-Galactosidase
Alpha-galactosidase enzymes may benefit those experiencing gas and bloating after consuming foods rich in galacto-oligosaccharides, complex carbohydrates that the body struggles to digest. These foods include cashews, pistachios, green peas, beans, and soy. Products containing alpha-galactosidase, like Beano, can help prevent digestive distress. However, they may trigger allergic reactions in individuals with mold allergies or alpha-gal syndrome. Though generally considered safe, talking to your doctor before trying them is recommended.
Lipase
Lipase enzymes naturally break down fats. They are available in both prescription (pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy) and OTC forms. Prescription lipase is used to treat pancreatic enzyme insufficiency and pancreatitis. If prescribed, continue as directed by your doctor. OTC lipase supplements are marketed to relieve symptoms like reflux, gas, bloating, and diarrhea. However, unless you have an underlying digestive concern, you likely don’t need these supplements. The safety and efficacy of lipase as a standalone OTC supplement during pregnancy are not well-established, so always seek medical advice first.
The Bottom Line
While digestive enzymes may offer some relief for certain digestive issues during pregnancy, it’s crucial to approach them with caution. Due to limited research and regulatory oversight, it’s always best to consult with your doctor or healthcare provider before taking any supplements, including digestive enzymes, during pregnancy. They can assess your individual needs and provide personalized recommendations.
